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Famous Egyptians
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King Narmer (Menes) Egypt
was divided into two kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, or the two lands.
The first was founded in Lower Egypt, with Botu as its capital, the
Papyrus as its sign, and the snake as its symbol. The Southern Kingdom
had Nekhen as its capital, and the Lotus as its sign. King Narmer was
the first to unite Upper and Lower Egypt
giving birth to Egypt in 3100 B. c & laying the foundation for the first
pharaonic dynasty ,which is the beginning of the first Egyptian Dynasty
0. King Narmar was the first king of the two lands wearing the White
Crown of Upper Egypt and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. . His rule marked
the beginning of written history and the era of dynasties
The unification of Egypt |
DEFINITIONS OF IMHOTEP
Architecture
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Imhotep (sometimes spelled Immutef, Im-hotep,
or Ii-em-Hotep; called Imuthes ( Ιμυθες) by
the Greeks),
fl. 27th century BC (2655-2600 BC) (Egyptian
ii-m-ḥtp
*jā-im-ḥatāp meaning "the
one who comes in peace") was an
Egyptian
polymath, [1]
who served under the
Third Dynasty king,
Djoser, as
chancellor to the
pharaoh and high priest of the sun god
Ra at
Heliopolis. He is considered to be the first architect
engineer[2]
and
physician in early history
[3] though two other physicians,
Hesy-Ra and
Merit-Ptah lived around the same time. The full list of his
titles is:
- Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in
line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the
Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of
Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor, and
Maker of Vases in Chief.
Imhotep was one of very few mortals to be depicted as part of
a pharaoh's statue. He was one of only a few commoners ever to
be accorded divine status after death. The center of his cult
was
Memphis. From the
First Intermediate Period onward Imhotep was also revered as
a poet and philosopher. His sayings were famously referred to in
poems: I have heard the words of Imhotep and Hordedef with
whose discourses men speak so much.[4]
The location of Imhotep's self constructed tomb was well
hidden from the beginning and it remains unknown, despite
efforts to find it.[5]
The general consensus is that it is hidden somewhere at
Saqqara. Imhotep's historicity is confirmed by two
contemporary inscriptions made during his lifetime on the base
or pedestal of one of Djoser's statues (Cairo JE 49889) and also
by a
graffito on the enclosure wall surrounding
Sekhemkhet's unfinished step-pyramid.[6][7]
The latter inscription suggests that Imhotep outlived Djoser by
a few years and went on to serve in the construction of king
Sekhemkhet's pyramid which was abandoned due to this ruler's
brief reign
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Hesi-re, the first Dentist,
 Hesire
was a high official who lived during the reign of
Netjerikhet (Dosjer). His titulary informs us of the many offices he
had held during his life.
Thus he was the 'overseer of the royal scribes', at
the head of the royal administration of Djoser.
His most spectacular title, however, was that of the
'greatest (or chief ?)of physicians and dentists'. It is not
entirely clear whether this title infers that Hesire himself was
honoured as the greatest of physicians and dentists, or rather that he
was merely responsible for the administration of physicians and
dentists. But whatever the case, the distinction between 'physicians'
and 'dentists' in his titulary does show a high degree of medical
specialisation at this early stage of the history of Ancient Egypt. |
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Hordedef
4th Dynasty
Hordedef was a sage who was honored in one song in of the New
Kingdom. Hordedef was a son of
King Khufu. |
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Kagemni
 Kagemni
was, according to his Instructions, vizier of the 4th dynasty pharaoh
Senofru (2613-2589), father of Khufu. His writings are contained in the
Papyrus Prisse. He should not be confused with the 6th dynasty vizier of
the same name, who served under Teti I and whose mastaba at Saqqara is
famous for its reliefs. |
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Admiral of the Naval Fleet |
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Hemiunu was a son of Prince
Nefermaat and his wife
Itet, [3]
a grandson of
Sneferu and relative of
Khufu,
the
Old Kingdom
pharaoh. Hemiunu had three sisters and many brothers.
Hemiunu (fl. 2570 BC) was a vizier,
architect and priest of Old Kingdom Egypt. He is believed to be
the architect of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
In his tomb he is described as a hereditary prince, count,
sealer of the king of Lower Egypt (jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj)
and on a statue found in his
serdab (and now located in
Hildesheim), Hemiunu is given the titles: king's son of his
body, chief justice and vizier, greatest of the five of the
House of Thoth (sA nswt n XT=f tAjtj sAb TAtj wr djw pr-DHwtj).[4]
As Vizier he succeeded
Kanefer, his uncle, and his father Nefermaat.[5]
Architecture
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Ptah-hotep
Vizier of Isesi (Djedkare)
2388-2356 B.C.
Ptah-hotep was a priest of Ma'at and the author of a famous
book of moral instructions, in which he tells us he was the vizier of
King Isesi.
 This
picture of Ptah-hotep comes from the well-preserved mastaba tomb
he shares with his father, Akhti-hotep. It shows him wearing and holding
many status symbols, including the fillet worn in the hair by
Old-Kingdom officials of all levels, the golden collar of a nobleman,
the long vizier's smock, a sekhem-sceptre, and the staff of a
high official.
The
Maxims of Good Discourse
or the Wisdom of Ptahotep
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The Prophecy of Neferti
is an Ancient Egyptian
discourse text set in the reign
 of
the 4th dynasty Old Kingdom king
Snofru (c.2550 BC), but was actually written during the early 12th
dynasty (c.1991-1786 BC). The text is a pseudo-prophecy, i.e. one
written after the event. It was published by
Vladimir Golenishchev and stored in the
Hermitage Museum.This literary composition in Middle Egyptian,
probably dating to the Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC), is set in
the court of king
Sneferu (reigned about 2650 BC). A lector-priest named Neferty is
summoned to entertain the king with his fine language. Sneferu himself
writes down the words of Neferty, who describes a future in which Egypt
is overrun by foreigners and strife, until a king Ameny comes from the
south to restore order. The historical setting is a literary device
familiar from other Middle Egyptian works, such as the
Tales at the court of king Khufu (preserved on one manuscript only,
Papyrus Westcar). The dramatic juxtaposition of chaos and restored order
is another literary device recurrent in Middle Egyptian literature,
notably in the genre of Lamentations, such as the
Lamentations of Ipuwer (also known from just one manuscript, Papyrus
Leiden I 344). The composition emphasises the glory of king Ameny,
possibly one or all of the four kings of the Twelfth Dynasty named
Amenemhat, or a king of the Thirteenth Dynasty; most plausibly the
reference is to king
Amenemhat I, who seems to have consolidated the reunification of
Egypt achieved under the Eleventh Dynasty. However, with this as with
other compositions, it should be noted that the exact date and
authorship were not recorded on any surviving sources.
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Sage IPUWER
 The
official name of this document is Leiden Papyrus #344, after the Dutch
museum where it currently resides. The style of writing suggests that it
was a XIX dynasty composition, but it is probably a copy of one written
much earlier. The first Egyptologist to make a detailed examination of
it was Sir Alan Gardiner, in 1909. He believed it to be a XII dynasty
work, recalling the chaos of the First Intermediate Period. Most
scholars have agreed with Gardiner, though over the years some (Kurt
Sethe, Immanuel Velikovsky, and Jan Van Seters, to name a few) have
argued that a Second Intermediate Period date is more likely. If
Gardiner was correct, this is the only record we have describing the
turbulent years between the Old and the Middle Kingdom.
Unfortunately for us, the papyrus is in poor condition. Both the
beginning and end are missing, and the body of the text has many
lacunae (gaps) in it. What we can figure out is that a wise man
named Ipuwer is addressing the pharaoh, whose name was probably given in
the now-missing head of the document. He describes in great detail how
the Two Lands have fallen into chaos, blames it on the failure of the
king to keep order, and urges him to "destroy the enemies of the august
Residence" and perform the required religious rites so that the gods
will support Egypt's restoration. On the other hand, this writing may
have been an act of political propaganda, contrasting the good times of
the reigning pharaoh with how bad things were in the previous dynasty. |
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King Amenemhat III King of the
Twelfth Dynasty. He reigned about 45 years and is famous as builder of
the the mortuary complex of the king at Hawara, at the entrance to the
Fayum, probably the 'Labyrinth' that so impressed ancient Greek authors.
There are several other buildings of the king in the Fayum (temple at
Medinet Maadi, colossi at Biahmu) demonstrating the general interest of
the king in that region of Egypt. His first pyramid was in Dahshur, but
because of problems with the ground, another site (Hawara) was chosen
for a second pyramid, towards the end of his reign. Especially in the
Ptolemaic and Roman Periods the king was
worshipped in the Fayum as a god. The sculpture of the king is
remarkable for several unique statue types.
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Khakheperresenb
(ca. 1900 BC) was an Egyptian scribe, writer and sage who lived
during the reign of
Senusret II.
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King Ah Mose I Great
War Hero
 The Son of King Tao II (Djehuty) (Sekenenre) 17th Dynasty
(reigned c. 1539-14 BC), founder of the 18th dynasty, who completed his
brother Ka Mose's expulsion of the Hyksos (Asiatic rulers of
Egypt), invaded Palestine, and re-exerted Egypt's hegemony over Nubia, to the
south.
the Real Moses, where the story was copied and inspired by biblical writers
The Tempest Stela
Pharaoh Ah Mose the Great
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General Ahmose Pen Nekhbet,
War Hero, Army
General, was an ancient Egyptian official who started his career
under
Ahmose I and served all the pharaohs until
Thutmose III. His autobiographical inscriptions are
important for the understanding of the history of the early New
Kingdom, though less detailed than those of his contemporary
Ahmose, son of Ebana. In his tomb he mentions his brother
Khaemwaset and his wife Ipu, who may be identical with the royal
nurse Ipu, mother of Queen
Satiah. Under Ahmose I he fought in Northern
Canaan; then he followed
Amenhotep I to
Nubia,
accompanied
Thutmose I to
Naharin, and campaigned with
Thutmose II in
Sinai.
He held many offices such as wearer of the royal seal, chief
treasurer and herald. His autobiography ends with the assertion
that he had been the tutor of
Neferure, daughter of
Hatshepsut.
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Admiral Ahmose, son of Ebana, War Hero, served in the
Egyptian military under the
pharaohs
Tao II Seqenenre,
Ahmose I,
Amenhotep I, and
Thutmose I. His
autobiography has survived and is intact on the wall of his
tomb and has proven a valuable source of information on the late
17th Dynasty and the early
18th Dynasty of Egypt. Ahmose was born in the city of
Nekheb. During the war to expel the
Hyksos from Egypt, Ahmose decided to follow in his father
Ebana's footsteps, and he enlisted in the navy during the reign
of Tao II Seqenenre. After the deaths of Tao II and his son
Kamose, Ahmose continued to serve under Pharaoh Ahmose I. He
participated in the battle of
Avaris (the Hyksos capital in the
Delta), where he killed two Hyksos and was awarded the "gold
of valor" twice. Ahmose was awarded slaves and other spoils by
the pharaoh after Avaris was sacked. Ahmose also participated in
the three year
siege
of
Sharuhen in southern
Canaan for which he was rewarded. He followed his king to
Nubia where they put down three rebellions.
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Royal Chief Architect Ineni
Ineni (sometimes transliterated as Anena) was an
Ancient Egyptian architect and government official of the
18th Dynasty, responsible for major construction projects
under the
pharaohs
Amenhotep I,
Thutmose I,
Thutmose II and the joint reigns of
Hatshepsut and
Thutmose III. He had many titles, including Superintendent
of the Granaries, Superintendent of the Royal Buildings,
Superintendent of the Workmen in the
Karnak Treasuries, etc.
[1]Ineni came
from an aristocratic family and likely began his career as an
architect under Amenhotep I. Amenhotep I commissioned Ineni to
expand the
Temple of Karnak. The expansion included a
barque shrine of
Amun
and a new treasury. Ineni probably also oversaw the construction
of Amenhotep I's tomb and
mortuary temple. The mortuary temple was the first to be
disconnected from the actual tomb, presumably so it would not
draw attention to the burial site. Amenhotep I died before the
treasury could be completed, but Ineni was retained by his
successor, Thutmose I.
An avid builder, Thutmose I commissioned many construction
projects during his rule, including the first tomb carved out at
the
Valley of the Kings. Many of his projects were at the Temple
of Karnak and were under the supervision of Ineni. These works
included the fourth and fifth
pylons, numerous courts and statues, the completion of the
Treasury expansion begun by Amenhotep I, and a
hypostyle hall of
cedar wood constructed at Karnak to commemorate Thutmose I's
victory over the
Hyksos.
After the death of Thutmose I, Ineni was once again retained
by the royal family. During the reign of Hatshepsut, a new
architect,
Senemut, would gain major commissions; most notably the
construction of her mortuary temple at
Deir el-Bahri. Ineni, however, continued to supervise
several structures commissioned by Hatshepsut and was likely
consulted on many others. He was considered by his
contemporaries to be one of her court favorites, and the
steles on the walls of his tomb speak kindly of her. He died
during the reign of Hatshepsut before Thutmose III assumed the
throne in Hatshepsut's 22nd regnal year. His
tomb
was one of the few structures where Hatshepsut's name was not
chiseled out or replaced, perhaps out of respect for him.
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Queen Hatshepsut
THE FEMALE PHARAOH,
Hatshepsut was born in the 18th Dynasty. This Dynasty is also referred
too as the New Kingdom. Hatshepsut entered this world as the daughter of
royal parents. Her father was Tuthmosis I and ruled Egypt for
approximately 12 to 14 years. Her mother was Ahmes. Ahmes was the sister
of Amenophris I (Pharaoh who ruled Egypt for 21 years). In addition to
Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis I and Ahmes had a son. They named him Anenemes. By
birthright, Anenemes should have inherited the throne as the son of
Tuthmosis I and Ahmes; however, he never became king. Hatshepsut, on the
other hand, went on to rule Egypt in later years for approximately 21
years. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt between 1479-1458/57. She ruled in a time
when women were allowed to own property and to hold official positions.
They were given rights to inherit from deceased family members and were
allowed to present their cases in court. Women of Ancient Egypt had more
freedom then other ancient cultures such as Greece where women were
expected to stay home.
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Senenmut
had a humble background (his family (Ramose and Hatnefer) came from
Armant), he was to become under Hatshepsut's reign one of the most
powerful men in the country. There is speculation as to whether this was
down to Senenmut's own natural talents as an administrator that caused
this rise to power - or was there a close personal relationship between
the King and her subject?
Senenmut originally entered the royal court during the reign of
Tuthmosis II, under Hatshepsut he would eventually hold over 80 titles
during his period as an official and administrator working in the royal
court, a few examples:
'Spokesman for King Hatshepsut, Steward of the royal family,
Superintendent of the buildings of the god Amun'.
Architecture
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King Thutmosis III
Menkheperre Thutmose III was the sixth Pharaoh of the
Eighteenth Dynasty. His Egyptian name Djehutmos means
"Born of Thoth", the god of writing and wisdom.
This pharaoh is regarded by
Egyptologists and other experts in
ancient Egypt history as the greatest of Egypt's
kings, despite the fame of Ramses II. No doubt Thutmose
III was Egypt's greatest warrior pharaoh. He transformed
his country into the first great empire in the Ancient
World, and was also a prolific builder of temples during
his reign from 1479 to 1425 BC.
Widely considered a military genius by
historians, he was an active expansionist ruler who is
sometimes referred to as the "Napoleon of Egypt",
because he was recorded to have captured 350 cities
during his rule and conquered much of the Near East,
from the Euphrates to Nubia during seventeen known
military campaigns. He was the first pharaoh to cross
the Euphrates, during his campaign against Mitanni. His
campaign records were then transcribed onto the walls of
the temple to Amen at Karnak.
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General Djehuty, War Hero
Djehuty (also known as Thuti and Thutii)
was a general under the
ancient Egyptian king
Thutmosis III in the
18th Dynasty. Djehuty bears the titles king's scribe,
overseer of troops (general) and overseer of the
northern foreign countries in contemporary Egyptian records.
Djehuty is known from two sources. His undisturbed burial was
found in 1824 at
Saqqara and he is the main personality in the Egyptian story
of
The Taking of Joppa (today
Jaffa).
The Egyptian narrative is preserved on a papyrus now located
in the British Museum (EA 10060). The city of Joppa had rebelled
against Thutmose III's authority and the pharaoh responded by
dispatching an Egyptian army under Djehuty's control to regain
control over the city. Djehuty first cunningly arranged to have
a parley or talk with the rebel leader of Joppa at a location
outside of the city walls. Once he was alone with the leader of
the rebellion, Djehuty promptly smote the man on his forehead
and captured him.
With this task accomplished, Djehuty decided to take control of
the city by subterfuge. Djehuty first falsely proclaimed that
he, Djehuty, had been defeated by the rebels and was now sending
"tribute" to the inhabitants of Joppa.
The tribute came in the form of 200 baskets which were delivered
to Joppa as a peace offering by Djehuty. Unbeknownst to Joppa's
inhabitants, however, the baskets concealed two hundred of
Djehuty's own soldiers.The governor of Joppa, fooled by Djehuty's ruse, had them
taken into the city through its city gates. Soon after,
Djehuty's soldiers rose out of their baskets and quickly
captured the city and seized its citizens. The Egyptian
description of the capture of Joppa is, hence, somewhat similar
to the story of the Trojan Horse which occurred some two
centuries later at
Troy.
With Joppa now firmly back in Egyptian hands, Djehuty sent word
to his king, Thutmose III, of his triumph.
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General Amenemhab, War Hero,
called Mahu
, Commander of soldiers, Temp. Tuthmosis III - Amenhotep II
Soldier of the Army, Deputy of the Army. Amenemhab was a favorite of
Thutmosis III. He was married to a royal nurse named Baki, and went on
to serve under Amenhotep II. He served as an officer of the navy and
became the commander of a vessel. TT85
Amenemheb, a wily and resourceful military officer, served
Menkheperre through the course of his many campaigns, and nearing death
had a summary account of several of the most memorable incidents of his
long life engraved on the walls of his tomb in the necropolis of Thebes |
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General Tjanuny, War Hero, first war military
war correspondent, Army Commander
Commander of the Soldiers,
Chief of Recruits, scribe who recorded Thutmosis III military
campaigns. Became Director of the Palace administration under Thutmosis
IV. Buried in TT74
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Lord Amenhotep son of Hapu
Great Egyptian Prophet, worship by the Greek as the
greatest of prophet and philosophers
Hereditary prince, count, sole companion, fan-bearer
on the king's right hand, chief of the king's
works even all the great monuments which are brought, of every
excellent costly stone; steward of the King's-daughter
of the king's-wife, Sitamen, who liveth; overseer of the cattle
of Amon in the South and North, chief of the prophets of Horus, lord of
Athribis, festival leader of Amon Amenhotep son
of Hapu would go down in history as a god. He was worshipped for
centuries and there are inscriptions showing Amenhotep was venerated as
a healer.
Votary text on a statue dedicated to Amenhotep by a daughter of King
Psamtik (26th dynasty)
Greek votive text Deir el Bahri, Ptolemaic period
Greek ostracon dating from the reign of Ptolemy II
Architecture
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King Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III; Egyptian
*ˀAmāna-Ḥātpa
Amun
is Satisfied) was the ninth
pharaoh of the
Eighteenth dynasty. According to different authors, he ruled
Egypt
from June 1386 to 1349 BC or June 1388 BC to December 1351
BC/1350 BC [4]
after his father
Thutmose IV died. Amenhotep III was the son of Thutmose by
Mutemwia, a minor wife of Amenhotep's father. [5]
His lengthy reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and
artistic splendour, when Egypt reached the peak of her artistic
and international power. When he died (probably in the 39th year
of his reign), his son reigned as
Amenhotep IV, later changing his royal name to Akhenaten.
also thought to be the real Solomon of the bible, as most of
findings correspond to the description of the bible, the palace, the
temple and his achievement |
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King Akhenaton Akhenaten was an
enigmatic pharaoh of Ancient Egypt who was viewed by some as a
visionary, and branded by others as heretic and criminal. Akhenaten is
believed to have been born between 1362 BC and 1379 BC and became king
between 1351 BC and 1336 BC.
Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) meaning
'Effective spirit of Aten', first known as Amenhotep IV (sometimes read
as Amenophis IV and meaning 'Amun is Satisfied') before his first year
(died 1336 BC or 1334 BC), was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of
Egypt. He is especially noted for attempting to compel the Egyptian
population in the monotheistic worship of Aten, although there are
doubts as to how successful he was at this.
Monotheism In
Ancient Egypt
Pharaoh Akhenaten and
Pharaoh Ay
Amarna
Art
Aton
Verses Psalms
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Chief Artisan Yuti
,
which in the tomb of Hui was represented (with his name
written twice) while he finished painting the statue of the
princess Baketaton.
Amarna
Art
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Bek (or Bak; the name means 'servant' in
Ancient Egyptian) was chief royal sculptor during the reign of
Pharaoh
Akhenaten. His father Men held the same position under Akhenaten's
father
Amenhotep III; his mother Roi was a woman from
Heliopolis.[1]
Amarna
Art
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Amarna
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Royal Sculpture Djhutmose
The King's Favourite and Master of Works, the Sculptor
Thutmose" (also spelled Djhutmose and Thutmosis)
is thought to have been the official court sculptor of the
Egyptian
Pharaoh
Akhenaten in the latter part of his reign. A German
archaeological expedition digging in Akhenaten's deserted city
of
Akhetaton, at
Amarna, found a ruined house and studio complex (labeled
P47.1-3) during its 1912 excavations; the building was
identified as that of Thutmose based on an ivory horse blinker
found in a rubbish pit in the courtyard inscribed with his name
and job title. [1]
Since it gave his occupation as "sculptor" and the building was
clearly a
sculpture workshop, it seemed a logical connection. Among
many other sculptural items recovered at the same time was the
polychrome
bust of
Nefertiti, apparently a master study for others to copy,
which was found on the floor of a storeroom. In addition to this
now famous bust were a number of plaster casts that have been
identified as representing various members of the royal family
and their entourage, including Akhenaten, his other wife
Kiya,
his late father
Amenhotep III, his eventual successor
Ay and
others.
Examples of his work recovered from his abandoned studio can
be viewed at the
Ägyptisches Museum Berlin, the
Cairo Museum, and the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
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General / King Horemhab, the Saviour of Egypt
Horemheb (sometimes spelled Horemhab or
Haremhab and meaning
Horus
is in Jubilation) was the last
Pharaoh of the
18th Dynasty from 1319 BC to late 1292 BC [1],
although he was not related to the preceding royal family and is
believed to have been of common birth. Before he became
pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under
the reigns of
Tutankamun and
Ay.
After his accession to the throne he reformed the state and it
was under his reign that official action against the preceding
Amarna rulers began.
Horemheb demolished monuments of
Akhenaten, reusing their remains in his own building
projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb
presumably remained childless and he appointed his vizier
Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as
Ramesses I.
The Law giver
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Dua-Kheti,
 The
Satire of the Trades, also called The Instruction of
Dua-Kheti, is a work of didactic ancient Egyptian
literature. [1]
It takes the form of an
Instruction, composed by a scribe from Sile named Dua-Kheti
for his son Pepi. The author is thought by some to have composed
the
Instructions of Amenemhat as well. [2]
It describes a number of trades in an exaggeratedly negative
light, extolling the advantages of the profession of scribe. It
is generally considered to be a
satire, though
Helck thought it reflected the true attitude of the scribal
class towards manual labourers. [3]
The text has survived in its entirety, but extremely corrupted,
in the Sallier II Papyrus written during the
Nineteenth Dynasty, which is kept at the
British Museum. A number of fragments are kept at the
British Museum, the
Louvre, the
Pierpont Morgan Library, and other institutions.[4]
It was one of the texts most frequently copied by students
during the Ramesside Period.
 The
Instructions may have been authored at Senusret's command[3]
to eulogize his father and legitimize his claim to the throne.
Several centuries later, in the
New Kingdom
Papyrus Chester Beatty IV, the authorship of the poem was
attributed to "the foremost of scribes"
Khety
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Seti I
Menmaatre Seti I (also called Sethos I after the
Greeks) was a
Pharaoh of
Ancient Egypt ( Nineteenth
dynasty of Egypt), the son of
Ramesses I and
Queen Sitre, and the father of
Ramesses II. As with all dates in Ancient Egypt, the actual
dates of his reign are unclear, and various historians claim
different dates, with 1294 BC – 1279 BC [4]
and 1290 BC to 1279 BC [5]
being the most commonly used by scholars today. The name Seti
means "of Set", which indicates that he was consecrated to the
god
Set (commonly "Seth"). As with most
Pharaohs, Seti had several names. Upon his ascension, he
took the prenomen mn-m3‘t-r‘, which translates as
Menmaatre in Egyptian, meaning "Eternal is the Justice of
Re."[1]
His better known
nomen, or birth name is technically transliterated as sty
mry-n-ptḥ, or Sety Merenptah, meaning "Man of Set,
beloved of
Ptah".
Manetho incorrectly considered him to be the founder of the
19th dynasty.
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Ramesses II The Great,
Ramses(reigned 1279 BCE to 1213 BCE - also known as Ramesses the
Great and alternatively
transcribed as Ramses and Rameses
*Riʕmīsisu; also known as
Ozymandias in the Greek sources, from a transliteration into
Greek of a part of Ramesses'
throne name, User-maat-re Setep-en-re)[5]
was the third Egyptian
pharaoh
of the
Nineteenth dynasty. He is often regarded as
Egypt's greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh.[6]
His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor".
Ramses II Built the greatest buildings in Egypt, a lot of his grand
monument survive till date |
The Proverbs of Amenemope |
Amenemope Son of Kanakht
(author)
Amenemope (ca.
1100 BCE) the son of Kanakht (Kanacht) is the ostensible
author of the
Instruction of Amenemope, an Egyptian wisdom text
written in the
Ramesside Period. He is portrayed as a scribe and sage who
lived in
Egypt
during the late
19th Dynasty of the
New Kingdom and resided in
Akhmim (ancient Egyptian Ipu, Greek Panopolis), the capital
of the ninth nome of
Upper Egypt. His discourses are presented in the traditional
form of instructions from father to son on how to live a good
and moral life, but (unlike most such texts) they are explicitly
organized into 30 numbered chapters.[1]
Although once thought to be unique, they are now seen to share
common themes with the
wisdom literature of other ancient
Near Eastern cultures including
Babylonia and
Israel, most notably the biblical books of
Proverbs,
Ecclesiastes, and
Sirach.
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Roya Scribe Ani
The text retains the traditional format of an older man, (the scribe
Any who works in the court of Nefertari), giving advice to younger man,
(his son), however the "Instruction of Any" is distinguished from
earlier works through its intended audience being the ordinary person
rather than the aristocracy. The themes covered by the instructions
include respect for religion, motherhood, honesty, restraint and the
avoidance of relations with unfaithful women. Unlike other works of
instruction, the endings of which tend towards acquiescence and
grattitude for the wisdom imparted, this text contains an epilogue in
which a son first responds to his fathers maxims critically rather than
compliantly. The father refutes the son's objections by force of
argument.
Words of Wisdom
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Sage Ankhsheshonq
Onkhsheshonqy), Priest, Ptolemaic Period (?), date uncertain. The
priest of Re at Heliopolis, Ankhsheshonq, once travelled to Memphis to
visit his friend, Harsises, the royal physician. Harsises welcomed him
cordially, urging him to stay for an extended visit. He then told
Ankhsheshonq that he and other courtiers were planning to kill the king.
Ankhsheshonq tried to dissuade his friend but to no avail. Their
conversation was overheard; Harsises and his co-conspirators were
arrested, tried and executed. Ankhsheshonq was sentenced to a term of
imprisonment for failing to report the treason. While he was in prison
Ankhsheshonq wrote a set of ‘Instructions’, a literary form long popular
in Egypt, for his young son. The style is aphoristic; it is also
humorous, surprising perhaps in the circumstances, and occasionally—and
more
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King Amasis Amasis II was the last
king of Egypt before the Persian conquest. He enjoyed an exceptionally
long and prosperous reign of nearly 45 years, and died only six months
before the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses. Amasis was not born of royal
stock, but seized the thrown when the army rebelled against Apries, the
incompetent previous king. Amasis, on the other hand, was a very astute
leader who cultivated good relationships with both the native classes,
and sophisticated and wealthy foreigners. During his long reign he made
commercial and strategic alliances with various Greek leaders including
Croesus of Lydia, and Polycrates of Samos. He allowed Greeks traders to
develop colonies on the Nile, and did much to adorn and beautify his
major cities. He even married a Greek princes from Cyrene. By the end of
his reign, hostilities had already commenced with the Persians, and his
alliance with Polycrates had ended. He died while making preparations
for the invasion, leaving his son Psammetichus III, a reign of only a
few months before he was overthrown.
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Prophet PETOSIRIS |
Petosiris great prophet of Thoth
Petosiris, called Ankhefenkhons, was the
high priest of
Thoth
at
Hermopolis and held various priestly degrees in the service
of Sakhmet,
Khnum,
Amen-Re and
Hathor. The son of Sishu and Nefer- renpet,
he lived in the second half of the 4th century BCE under Persian
rule. In his tomb inscriptions (his tomb is in the necropolis at
Tuna el-Gebel) he prided himself on having restored the
fortunes of the temples in which he served.
 Petosiris,
was also a renowned philosopher and astronomer, who together
with King
Nechepso is the purported author of several astrological
texts. The most likely dating of these is around 150 BCE.
Petosiris to Nechepso is a letter describing an ancient
divination technique using
numerology and a diagram. It is likely to be a
pseudepigraph.
[1]
Petosiris and
Nechepso are considered to be the founders of
astrology in some traditions. [2]
One translation of this letter into Latin is attributed to
Saint Bede
[3], and can be found in
Cotton Tiberius. The technique is known by several names,
including the Petosiris Circle [4],
the Sphere of
Apuleius, Columcille's Circle, and
Democritus's Sphere. The attribution of ancient authors is a
typical practice of
Neoplatonism and Gnosticism, and the technique may arise
from this tradition. Examples of the figure are known from
Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. [5]
The technique involves calculating the numerical value of a
patient's name, then dividing by 30 or 29, a number derived from
the
lunar month to find the remainder, which is (mod 29) or (mod
30) in
modular arithmetic. The number is then found on the diagram,
to determine the
prognosis
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This Statue does not represent
Manetho
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Manetho
 Manetho
was a Greco-Egyptian priest born at Sebennytos in the Nile Delta, and
lived during the reign of Ptolemy I.
He is of significant importance to the study of Egyptology because he
wrote a detailed history of Egypt which gives us the basic structure for
the chronology of Ancient Egypt that we use today.
Manetho divided Egyptian history
into dynasties which were
essentially ruling houses, of which
30 are recognised and used today.
These date from unification around
3100 BC up until the death of the
last native Egyptian ruler
Nectanebo II
in
343 BC. Two additional dynasties
were then added onto these; the 31st
or Second Persian Period, and the
32nd or Macedonian rulers followed
by the Ptolemies. While his
work has been very useful to
scholars, his history covers
thousands of years, and while he had
perhaps some documentation to assist
him that is not available to us
today, he lacked the capability of
modern scientific archaeological
examination and the accumulated data
we have today. Nevertheless, his
system is so entrenched that we
still today, continue to try to
“fit” our modern understanding of
Egyptian history into his framework.
It
is ironic that although great
reliance is placed upon Manetho and
his “Egyptian History”, no full text
of his work actually survives!
Manetho’s history is known to us
because several writers whose works
have survived have quoted
extensively from it. These writers
included
Josephus,
writing in the late first century
AD,
Sextus Julius Africanus,
writing around the year 220 AD, and
Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea,
writing in the early 4th century AD.
Around five hundred years later the
works of Sextus Julius and Bishop
Eusebius were used as a basis for a
history of the world, written by
George the Monk,
the secretary to the Byzantine
Patriarch
Tarasius
(784-806 AD).
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This Statue does not represent Chaeremon |
Chaeremon of Alexandria
Chaeremon of Alexandria (first
century CE) was a
Stoic
philosopher and
grammarian. He
was superintendent of the portion of the Alexandrian library that was
kept in the temple of
Serapis, and as custodian and expounder of the sacred books he
belonged to the higher ranks of the
priesthood. In
49 he was summoned to
Rome, with Alexander
of Aegae, to become tutor to the youthful
Nero. He was the
author of a
History of Egypt; of works on
Comets, Egyptian
Astrology, and
Hieroglyphics; and of a grammatical treatise on Expletive
Conjunctions. Chaeremon was the chief of the party which explained the
Egyptian religious system as a mere allegory of the worship of nature.
His books were not intended to represent the ideas of his Egyptian
contemporaries; their chief object was to give a description of the
sanctity and symbolical secrets of
ancient Egypt.
He can hardly be identical with the Chaeremon who accompanied (c. 26
BCE; Strabo xvii.
p. 806) Aelius Gallus, prefect of Egypt, on a journey into the interior
of the country.
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Heron
Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria a native
Egyptian Hori ( Greek:
Ἥρων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς)
(c. 10–70 AD) was an ancient
Greek mathematician who was a resident of a Roman province ( Ptolemaic
Egypt); he was also an
engineer who was active in his native city of
Alexandria. He is considered the greatest experimenter of
antiquity [1]
and his work is representative of the
Hellenistic scientific tradition. [2]
Hero published a well recognized description of a
steam-powered device called an
aeolipile (hence sometimes called a "Hero engine").
Among his most famous inventions was a
windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of
wind harnessing on land.[3][4]
He is said to have been a follower of the
Atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of
Ctesibius.
Much of Hero's original writings and designs have been lost,
but fortunately, some of his works were preserved in Arab
manuscripts. Known as Michanikos, the Machine Man, Heron
invented the world's first steam engine, developed some
sophisticated surveying tools, and crafted handy gizmos like a
self-trimming oil lamp. Technically speaking, Heron's clever
inventions were particularly notable for their incorporation of
the sorts of self-regulating feedback control systems that form
the bedrock of cybernetics; like today's toilets, his
"inexhaustible goblet" regulated its own level with a floating
mechanism. But what really stirred Heron's soul were novelties:
pneumatic gadgets, automata, and magic theaters, one of which
rolled itself before the audience on its own power, cranked
through a miniature three-dimensional performance, and then made
its own exit. Another staged a Dionysian mystery rite with
Apollonian precision: Flames lept, thunder crashed, and
miniature female Bacchantes whirled madly around the wine god on
a pulley-driven turntable.
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Queen CleopatraHistory of Cleopatra
Queen Cleopatra of Egypt is the most well known of all the ancient
Egyptian queens. Cleopatra was born in Alexandria in 69 B.C.
during the reign of the Ptolemy family to Ptolemy XII. Cleopatra
appears to have been a popular name in the family, as her mother bore
the name as well as an older sister, making the new daughter
Cleopatra the Seventh, although she is rarely referred to as such.
Cleopatra and her family were not Egyptian, but rather Macedonian,
descended through a general of Alexander the Great. Cleopatra would
become the first ruler of her family who could actually speak the
Egyptian language.
She was a politician, a writer, and a philosopher as
well the great queen of Egypt |
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Hypatia |
Hypatia, She was a mathematician and astronomer in her own
right, writing commentaries of her own and teaching a succession of
students from her home. Letters from one of these students, Synesius,
indicate that these lessons included how to design an astrolabe, a kind of
portable astronomical calculator that would be used until the 19th
century.
Beyond her father’s areas of expertise, Hypatia
established herself as a philosopher in what is now known as the
Neoplatonic school, a belief system in which everything emanates from the
One. (Her student Synesius would become a bishop in the Christian church
and incorporate Neoplatonic principles into the doctrine of the Trinity.)
Her public lectures were popular and drew crowds. “Donning [the robe of
a scholar], the lady made appearances around the center of the city,
expounding in public to those willing to listen on Plato or Aristotle,”
the philosopher Damascius wrote after her death.
Hypatia was one of the last great thinkers of ancient Alexandria and one
of the first women to study and teach mathematics, astronomy and
philosophy. Though she is remembered more for her violent death, her
dramatic life is a fascinating lens through which we may view the plight
of science in an era of religious and sectarian conflict, murdered by
the Christians bishops for their utter jealousy of woman and hatred to
science and the freedom of the mind. |
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